Roquefort Cheese

Definition and Scope

Penicillium roqueforti is a filamentous fungus used in cheesemaking to produce blue-veined cheeses. It belongs to the Penicillium genus and is classified under the family Aspergillaceae. This mold is responsible for the characteristic blue-green marbling and piquant flavor in specific cheese varieties.

The scope of Penicillium roqueforti extends beyond Roquefort cheese to numerous other blue cheeses globally. It is a controlled and cultivated mold, not naturally occurring in all environments. Its application defines an entire category within cheese taxonomy based on internal mold development.

Production Process

During cheese production, Penicillium roqueforti spores are introduced into the milk or curds before molding. The cheese is then pierced with needles to create air channels. This aeration is crucial for the mold’s aerobic growth throughout the cheese paste.

The cheese is aged in temperature and humidity-controlled caves or rooms for several weeks to months. The mold metabolizes fats and proteins, developing its signature veins and flavor compounds. This controlled spoilage process is carefully monitored to ensure quality and safety.

Sensory Profile

Penicillium roqueforti imparts a sharp, salty, and slightly spicy flavor to cheeses. The mold produces ketones such as 2-heptanone, which contribute to the characteristic peppery notes. These cheeses typically have a pronounced tangy aroma that intensifies with age.

The texture ranges from crumbly to creamy, depending on the cheese variety and aging duration. Blue veins create visual marbling against a white or ivory background. The mold contributes to a complex flavor profile that balances saltiness, umami, and piquancy.

Culinary Uses

Blue cheeses made with Penicillium roqueforti are commonly served on cheese boards with fruits and nuts. They pair well with sweet accompaniments like honey or figs that contrast their saltiness. These cheeses are often crumbled over salads or incorporated into dressings.

In cooking, they melt into sauces for steaks or pasta dishes, adding depth of flavor. Some varieties are used in gourmet burgers or baked into savory pastries. Their strong flavor means they are typically used sparingly as a seasoning component.

Regional Examples

Roquefort from France is the most famous cheese using this mold, with Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée protection. It must be aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. French law specifies that only cheeses from this region using sheep’s milk can be called Roquefort.

Other notable examples include Bleu d’Auvergne and Fourme d’Ambert from France. Internationally, Gorgonzola from Italy and Stilton from England use related Penicillium strains. Danish Blue and American Maytag Blue also employ this mold culture for their characteristic veining.

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